Borderline Project

Amanda Reid
Emily Patrick
Emily Cassidy
Quinn Collins
Katherine Flannigan
Grace Leung

Apartheid

 Emily P.                                                                                                                    November 20, 2010

Apartheid

            Some people may refer to apartheid as the unfair racial segregation that caused so much trouble to many black Africans. Others may find it logical or necessary for this time period, but the real definition of apartheid is a racist policy that was based on the myth that blacks and whites were to be separated. Apartheid is an African word meaning apartness. Many laws were created to make sure that blacks and whites were separated (Culverson). This paper will inform you about some of these laws, and most of all about apartheid itself.

            Apartheid was in effect from 1948 until 1991, but the real or symbolic end of apartheid came in May 1994 when blacks came into the government (Connolly). This racial segregation took place in South Africa. There were many people who suffered from this unfortunate event. The people who suffered were the blacks. They suffered because they were treated with disrespect and turned away from. People did not care if the blacks were happy or not, the only cared about how the white people felt. Whites benefitted from apartheid. They were treated with respect, and given certain things and opportunities that blacks were not. For example, whites were allowed to run for South Africa’s National Party and black people were not.

            South Africa’s National Party was found by James Barry Munnik Hertzog to protect the interests of Africans against the pro- British policies of the South African Party in 1914. It was stated that, “Under leaders Daniel F. Malan (1948–54), Johannes G. Strijdom (1954–58), Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1956–66), B. Johannes Vorster (1966–78), and P. W. Botha (1978–89), the party consolidated its power and formulated and implemented an apartheid policy of separate racial development to ensure white political and economic domination.” This means that these people were the ones that began apartheid in Africa. The strongholds of the party were supported by the Dutch and English- speaking leaders were not elected until the 1960s. This means that when the first English- speaking leader was elected, apartheid was already halfway through because it ended in 1991. At this time, the National Party was very opposed to any “relaxation of apartheid”. Later in this year, many laws referring to apartheid were repealed. One law that was repealed was the 1948 law that prohibited intermarriage. “The pass laws requiring blacks in white areas to have a permit were repealed in 1986. The Group Areas Act of 1966 and the Land Acts of 1913 and 1936, which had enforced residential segregation and reserved 87% of the land for whites, were repealed in June 1991. The Population Registration Act of 1950, which had required all South Africans to record their race with the government, was also repealed in 1991.” All of these are just a few of the laws that were repealed at this time. Many different measures were taken to be sure that blacks and whites were properly segregated. Sadly, this was not the end of apartheid and as we will learn it will not be officially ended until 1991 (Best).

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in 1918 in Umtata, South Africa. Mandela was opposed to apartheid and was faced with years of imprisonment. Later, he became the first president of black-majority-ruled South Africa and also the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (Student Resources in Context). Mandela stepped down from being president in 1999, but since then he has become the highest- profile ambassador. As ambassador, he campaigns against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. He also secured Africa’s right to host the 2010 football World Cup. Mandela has been imprisoned many times. In 1956 he was charged with high treason but the charges were dropped and in 1964 Mandela was charged again with a life sentence. In 1990 Mandela was freed from prison. Since 1990, Mandela has been faced with more unfortunate experiences. In 2001 he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and just four years later in 2005, Mandela announces that his son has dies of an HIV/ Aids related disease. Even though Nelson Mandela’s life has been tough, he has managed to pull through it all. Today he is ninety- two years old and continues to do what is best for Africa. (BBC News) Hopefully in the future he will continue to show his love for his country and help the people of Africa.

Sun City was a gambling resort built in a bantustan, or independent territory set aside for the poor black inhabitants. However, it was actually run by the South African elite and did little to benefit the poor people of the region. Famous musicians boycotted the resort and pledged never to play there as a form of protest against apartheid (Artists United Against Apartheid).

            Apartheid ended in 1991 after many negotiations. The government tried to restore the law and thousands of blacks were arrested or even killed in confrontations with security forces. When F. W. de Klerk was elected president in 1989, he negotiated a settlement with the black majority. In the next years, the rest of the apartheid laws were repealed. When Mandela was elected as the first black president in South Africa, he continued to help things such as education, health care, and employment become better for blacks (Winchester).

            The Truth Commission was established after apartheid. It was like a body of people assembled in South Africa for the witnesses and victims of the human right’s violations. These people were invited to speak about their experienced and others for public meetings or conventions (Martin). The ANC, also known as the African National Congress, was formed in 1912. This was created as a civil rights movement that was nonviolent and formed by middle-class, urban-based chiefs and professionals. “The ANC stressed peaceful protest, dialogue, and educating whites and the international community about black demands and aspirations.” (Best) it has been found that the political party of the African National Congress has won every election since the end of apartheid. In April of 2009 Jacob G. Zuma, the leader of the African National Congress, won its fourth electoral victory along with the other members of his party. Many South Africans are disappointed with this, but their anger is rarely pointed toward the African National Congress.

                                                                                                                         

Works Cited

Martin, Michael (2006) Apartheid in south africa. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent, Print.

Connolly, Sean (2003) Apartheid in south africa. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, Print.

Winchester, N. B. (2010). Apartheid. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from Grolier Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0018070-00

Apartheid. (2010). Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from Grolier Online http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0013940-0

Best, A. C. G. (2010). National Party. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from Grolier Online http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0204580-0

"Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 20 Nov. 2010.

http://www.nytimes.com/

Arnaud Martin, La mémoire et le pardon. Les commissions de la vérité et de la réconciliation en Amérique latine, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2009.

Best, A. C. G.(2010). African National Congress.Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 21,2010, from Grolier Online http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0003683-0
            (2009) "African National Congress." New York Times [New York] 28 Apr. Print.

(21 Nov. 2010) "BBC News - Mandela's Life and times." BBC News - Home. Web. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1454208.stm?ad=1

21 Nov. 2010. "Artists United Against Apartheid." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_United_Against_Apartheid

Prezi

http://prezi.com/bl8wyxhpyohr/edit/

Human Geo Map Test With Lables

SCORE: 45/50

Human Geo Map Test

Practice Test Score

22/100

Food Reflection Essay

I think that this unit was very informative, and I enjoyed learning about all of the foods that I eat. I liked watching the movie because it made me feel more aware. I also learned a lot about how different brands make their meets. I was disappointed of the way that some of the food companies refused to be interviewed. To me, it shows that they know what they are doing is wrong, but they don’t want to face Americans to admit it. Even though the movie was a little gross, it made me feel like I knew more about my diet. It was cruel what they did to the chickens. It makes me want to stop eating certain brands because of the way that the chickens are treated, and also because of the gross and unnatural things that are done to them. I would probably try more organic things, but everything organic is so much more expensive. To me, it would make more sense for the natural foods to be less expensive because they can be grown right in the backyard. The processed foods should be more expensive because of all of the chemicals and hormones that are put into the food.

Making the apple crisp was a good idea because it gives us a view of the distance that imported food has to travel. For example, a sugar used from California was farther away from one that came from Maine. This means that the trip probably costs more, and leaves a larger carbon footprint. By importing foods and using too much gas and oil, we make the environment more polluted. We also found out that the cost would turn out to be more coming from farther away.

I think that my diet will change in many ways. I will probably not eat fast food much anymore. Just looking at what goes into a hamburger bun is enough to make me grossed out. I am puzzled at the fact that people put so many chemicals into a bun. Wouldn’t it just be cheaper to use only a couple real ingredients rather than to use many chemicals and other unnecessary ingredients? I will also be aware of the meats and poultry that I eat. I do not want to be eating beef that was fed corn instead of grass or chicken that were given hormones and chemicals. It makes me feel sorry for the animals as well as all of the people that eat the meat. most Americans have no clue what is in their meat and where it comes from, and I think that we should be able to know everything about what goes into our bodies. Instead of putting pretty and seemingly nice pictures on the outside of processed food, why not put a picture of the factory or farm that it really came from. I am not saying that all of it is fake, but I am just trying to show that not everything we see on the label of a product is real. Now that ive seen where all of this has come from, I feel that I need to pass it on to other people so that one day there will be no more eccoli or processed, unhealthy foods.

The next thing that I would like to talk about is ecoli. So often, we hear about an eccoli breakout, and the lives that are taken from this unfortunate and unnecessary problem. We know the answer to ecoli and how to stop it, but we still fail to fix the problem in order to terminate it.  Eccoli comes from the corn that the animals are being fed. Normally, cows are supposed to eat grass but they are fed corn me become fatter faster. If the cows are fed grass for just five days, the ecolli will go away. This is another thing that puzzles me. If corn seeds need to be bought and grown, then why don’t we just give cows grass which is naturally grown? I do not understand the point of rushing the cows to get fatter, if we can risk them getting ecoli from it. It would make more sense to feed a cow naturally and take longer, but to know that the meat would be ecoli free. The farmers that raised cows naturally would probably make more money because they would have the safest meat. I think that it is very sad the people’s children and relatives have to become severely ill or die for others to understand the importance of this ordeal. Hopefully more people will realize this and how it is affecting others, and they will take a stand against unhealthy food in our country.

Again and again we hear about obesity and the huge problem it is in the United States. People are constantly wondering what they can do to make their food healthier but the answer is right in front of them. They need to stop adding artificial things and chemicals to their food. It doesn’t make any sense to put extra chemicals or hormones in food because it costs more. I am sure that flour, water, and sugar cost a lot less then chemicals, fillers, and artificial sweeteners. For example, a McDonald’s hamburger bun consists of enriched flour, water, salt, wheat gluten, calcium sulfate, soy flour, ammonium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, ammonium chloride, baking soda, sorbic acid, deactivated dry yeast, dough conditioners, calcium propionate & sodium propionate (preservatives), and soy lecithin. I think that this is insane. Chemicals should not be used in bread. For example, ammonium sulfate is a type of fertilizer. I do not know about you, but I am puzzled as to why they put fertilizer in a bun. It is confusing that they add all of these expensive chemicals rather than only using cheaper natural ingredients.

In conclusion, I wrote this to inform people of the real story of how our food is made today. I just want people to listen and try to fight back this unfortunate trend. Hopefully in the future, people will try to stop this and make food healthy and safe to eat.

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100219202110AAWyHV8
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:Ammonium+sulfate&sa=X&ei=Xd-5TPPPMYH-8AbAp-DSDw&sqi=2&ved=0CBUQkAE

Cost and Distance of Food

http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=106804455194835404298.000492576db03d837a9c7&ll=37.09024,-96.767578&spn=38.365962,79.013672&t=h&z=4

All together, my food traveled 21060 miles. The current pice of gas is $3.07 per gallon. Big rig trucks get about 7 miles per gallon. This means that the cost of the entire trip of my food costed $2936.31 in all. 

Food Journal and Where The Food is From

Emily P.                                                                                                  October 4, 2010- October 7, 2010

Food Journal

Monday- 10/4/10

Dinner: Safeway tilapia (Los Altos, CA U.S.A.), Mahatma White Rice (Houston, TX U.S.A.), Nestea Iced Tea (Atlanta, GA U.S.A.)

Tuesday- 10/5/10

Breakfast: Brown sugar pop tart (Battle Creek, MI U.S.A.), Wellsley Farms Butter (Natick, MA U.S.A.), Minute Maid Lemonade (Atlanta, GA U.S.A.)

Lunch: Minute Maid Lemonade (Atlanta, GA U.S.A.), PBJ; Smucker’s (Orrville, Ohio U.S.A.)/ Jif (Orrville, Ohio U.S.A.), Chez- Its (Elmhurst, IL U.S.A.)

Dinner: Libratore’s Summer Salad (apples, melon, lettuce, cranberries), water (crystal water) (Lancaster, PA U.S.A.)

Snacks: Special K Bar (vanilla) (Battle Creek, MI U.S.A.), orbit gum (Chicago, IL U.S.A.), Dole banana (Thousand Oaks, CA U.S.A.)

Wednesday- 10/6/10

Breakfast: Nothing

Lunch: PBJ; Smucker’s (Orrville, Ohio U.S.A.)/ Jif (Orrville, Ohio U.S.A.), Nestea Iced Tea (Atlanta, GA U.S.A.), Chez- Its (Elmhurst, IL U.S.A.)

Dinner: McDonald’s Fries (Dayton, NJ U.S.A.)*, Sweet Tea*, Apple Pie*

Snacks: Special K Bar (vanilla) (Battle Creek, MI U.S.A.), orbit gum (Chicago, IL U.S.A.)

Thursday- 10/7/10

Breakfast: none

Lunch: PBJ; Smucker’s (Orrville, Ohio U.S.A.)/ Jif (Orrville, Ohio U.S.A.), Chez- Its (Elmhurst, IL U.S.A.), Nestea Iced Tea (Atlanta, GA U.S.A.), cookie (JC Cafeteria)

Dinner: red potatoes (Tower City, PA U.S.A.), Safeway Steak (Los Altos, CA U.S.A.), green giant broccoli (Le Sueur, Minnesota U.S.A.), minute maid lemonade (Atlanta, GA U.S.A.)

Snacks: orbit gum (Chicago, IL U.S.A.)

*McDonald’s is very secretive about where their food is made, therefor I do not know where these foods are located.

Extra 10 points!!!!!

yayyyy! our team wont the questoin project in class today! I GET 10 PORINTS!

Language Map

Summary on A Persian insult, an Inuit dialect, and Urdu Directions

Emily Patrick 9/13/10

This audio talks a lot about language and the places and ways that people speak. The beginning says that the more perfected and the better sounding that your language is, the more you are respected. It also shows how Ahmadinejad spoke differently to different types of people. Then, Stephen Leonard is interviewed about him going to Northwest Greenland to learn about the language there. We also hear that the movies are more popular when talked about by people, and also by critics. When a Hindu woman talks, she talks about their sense of direction. She says that it is hard for them to understand because some of the words are the same as each other. This taught me more about the importance of language, and the ways that different cultures differ in their language.

Effect 9/11 had on Air Travel Internationally

Effect 9-11 Had on Air Travel Internationally

By: Emily Patrick, Amanda Reid, and Quinn Collins

       September 11, 2001 caused many tragedies for families all over the country.  Why was this brutal attack planned?  Sources show that some of the motives were the presence of the U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia and the sanctions against Iraq.  This was stated by Al- Qaeda before the attack.  It seems that the longer the troops
took presence in Iraq, the angrier the Al- Qaeda became.  Now people wonder many things, could 9/11 have been avoided?  Is our current presence in Iraq putting us in danger of another attack?

       Nine-eleven caused many Americans to find other means of travel in and out of the United States.  Many people no longer preferred air travel in the U.S.  It wasn’t just Americans who were affected by this, many countries worldwide experienced decrease in demands for air travel.  Certain people were no longer allowed into the country because of lack of visas. Travelers with a visa only had to go through one screening process to get onto the planes.  Travelers without visas had to go through double screening.  Many people without visas were still allowed, and there were still a considerable number of people with and without visas allowed onto the planes. 

       Many trade countries had trouble trading with the United States.  The economies of many countries, especially Canada, Mexico, and Japan, were affected negatively because their trade with the United States decreased. 

       Airline companies were already in financial trouble because of the recession.  9/11 made the financial trouble increase by a shocking amount.  The federal government actually had to give the airline companies in the United States 15 billion dollars as an aid package so the companies could stay in business. 

       In November 2001, President Bush signed an Aviation and Transportation Security Act into law.  The law required security people to be federal employees.  It also strengthened the air marshal program.  The Bush Administration requested 4.8 billion dollars to put this law into effect.

       According to data released by the U.S Department of Commerce, the United States let 25.3 million visitors from overseas over in 2008.  This may seem like a lot, but it was 633,000 less than in 2000.  Even all these years after, we still have not made it back to the numbers of airline entrances to the United States from overseas that came in 2000. “Our nation is locked in an economic crisis to which overseas visitors hold a key.  It is time for Congress to take immediate action as today's global economic crisis and America's strengthening currency will further weaken America's standing as a premier travel destination,” said Roger Dow, President and CEO of the U.S. Travel Association.  He is right. 

       Even today many Americans are afraid to travel to the United States using airplanes because of what happened on 9/11.  It not only changed our economy, but the economies of our big trade partners all over the globe.  The security measures are still increasing, and any suspicious items someone may have could put them on the terrorist watch list.  America is being very cautious and looking at every little detail to ensure the lives of people everywhere are protected from an incident like this.

       September11 caused many effects on air travel.  There is a big difference between the use of air travel before and after 9/11.  Air travel is now the second most used form of transportation. Each day, over 57, 000 planes take off.  Every year, it costs the U.S. economy more than 26 million dollars.

 

       Before nine-eleven, there were over six million oversea arrivals. After, oversea arrivals dropped to less than 4 million. This shows that nine eleven massively affected the air travel in other countries. How was air travel affected in the U.S.? Sources show that nine eleven drastically affected the air travel in the U.S.A.

       After 9/11 occurred, the most visible security changes have been on planes themselves.  Measures were taken to equip airports with the best security possible.  However, security changes in the actual airports came about more slowly.  Airports were raising the prices of their trip cost so they could afford top security.  Therefore, people were forced to pay higher prices for the benefit of their safety.  For example, many planes now have bulletproof glass on them. 

       The U.S. Senate also passed a bill that provides access to arms for the pilots in the cockpit.  This week, there have been temporary restrictions put on flights within a thirty mile radius of all public events in New York, Washington D.C., and Somerset, PA for 9/11’s anniversary.  Prior to 9/11, the hired security screeners were sometimes unable to detect bombs or other serious weapons.  They also didn’t have the proper technology to detect weapons as well.  How safe was that? 

       A little while after the attacks, President Bush provided $20 billion dollars for the upgrading of security and intelligence.  This included tougher background checks and more strict security requirements on baggage checks.  The TSA was created after the attacks to improve airline security.  After the TSA was created, about 65,000 federal personnel were employed.   

       Before the terrorist attacks, anyone was allowed at the gate to see their loved ones depart.  Now only passengers are allowed passed the baggage check.  These measures affect airports internationally to make sure that that horrible day is never relived. Let’s hope this tragic event never happens again.

Works Cited:

2013, By. "Travel Facts and Statistics | U.S. Travel Association." U.S. Travel Association.
Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.ustravel.org/news/press-kit/travel-facts-and-statistics>.

"Airport Security since 9/11: How Far Have We Come?" Access Control & Security System
Solutions | Security News for Security Industry, Access Control, Theft
Prevention, Alarm Professionals. Web. 07 Sept. 2010.
<http://securitysolutions.com/news/security_airport_security_far/>.

"Air Traffic - NextGen Briefing." FAA: Home. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/briefing/>.

"Air Traffic - NextGen Briefing." FAA: Home. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/briefing/>.

Midday, By. "September 11 Attacks." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 08
Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks>.

Rep. No. RL31617 (2002). Print.

"The Evolution of Airline Security Since 9/11 - IFPO." International Foundation for Protection Officers. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.ifpo.org/articlebank/evolution_of_airline.html>.

 “The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment” Rep. No. RL31617 (2002). Print.

Human Geo. Terms

Terms:




1. Globalization- the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

2. Humanity- –noun, plural -ties. 1. all human beings collectively; the human race; humankind. 2. the quality or condition of being human; human nature. 3. the quality of being humane; kindness; benevolence. 4. the humanities, a. the study of classical languages and classical literature. b. the Latin and Greek classics as a field of study. c. literature, philosophy, art, etc., as distinguished from the natural sciences. d. the study of literature, philosophy, art, etc.

3. Culture- The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning

4. Civilization- 1.A stage or system of social, political or technical development of a large scale order encompassing several or many community, communities, often on the nation or people scale. (ancient civilisations; western civilisation; the Aztec civilisation.) cf culture. 2.A country or group of countries with a common cultural background. 3.The act or state of civilize, civilizing or being civilize, civilized. 4.A communal understanding; the achievements of a communal understanding; e.g., Ancient Roman Civilization - the communal understanding of the ancient Romans, or what the communal understanding of the ancient Romans achieved: buildings, conquests, roads, laws. 5.A person's preferred human society, with its facilities, in contrast to either wilderness, or uncivilized society.

5. History- : tale, story 2a : a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes b : a treatise presenting systematically related natural phenomena c : an account of a patient's medical background d : an established record <a prisoner with a history of violence> 3: a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events <medieval history> 4a : events that form the subject matter of a history b : events of the past c : one that is finished or done for <the winning streak was history> <you're history> d : previous treatment, handling, or experience (as of a metal)



Quotes:



1. Globalization:
"Accordingly, globalization is not only something that will concern and threaten us in the future, but something that is taking place in the present and to which we must first open our eyes. "
-Ulrich Beck

2. Humanity:
"We ought to think that we are one of the leaves of a tree, and the tree is all humanity. We cannot live without the others, without the tree. "
-Pablo Casals

3. Culture:
"A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people. "
-Mohandas Gandhi

4. Civilization:
"While civilization has been improving our houses, it has not equally improved the men who are to inhabit them. It has created palaces, but it was not so easy to create noblemen and kings. "
-Henry David Thoreau

5. History:
"History does not repeat itself. The historians repeat one another. "
-Max Beerbohm

Sources:

http://hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-Globalization
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/humanity
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/courses/122/module1/culture.html
http://www.allwords.com/word-civilization.html
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/history
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/globalization.html
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/humanity_7.html
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/culture.html
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/civilization.htl
http://hnn.us/articles/1328.html